Table 3
Experimental data.
| Author | Data | Fluids | Diameter [mm] | L/D | VsL [m/s] | VsG [m/s] | θ [°] | Void fraction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abduvayt et al. [56] | 443 | Water–nitrogen | 54.9–106.4 | 939.85–1821.49 | 0.009–6.48 | 0.04–11.10 | 0–3 | NR* |
| Badie et al. [57] | 66 | Oil, water–air | 78 | 474.36 | 0.001–0.05 | 14.76–25.27 | 0 | 0.89–0.995 |
| Beggs [58] | 323 | Water–air | 25.4–38.1 | 720.00–1080 | 0.0005–58.25 | 0.02–32.11 | 0–90 | 0.094–1.00 |
| Carvalho et al. [59] | 59 | Water–air | 60 | 23.67 | 0.506–4.20 | 0.02–2.84 | −90 | 0.005–0.976 |
| Fan [46] | 351 | Water–air | 50.8–149.6 | 748.03–754.01 | 0.0003–0.05 | 4.93–25.70 | −2 to 2 | 0.856–0.998 |
| Felizola [60] | 89 | Kerosene–air | 51 | 294.12 | 0.050–1.49 | 0.39–3.36 | 0–90 | 0.323–0.798 |
| França and Lahey [44] | 99 | Water–air | 19 | 96.32 | 0.010–14.85 | 0.13–23.76 | 0 | 0.063–0.944 |
| Ghajar [7] | 166 | Water–air | 12.7 | 123.94 | 0.080–1.17 | 0.19–20.06 | 0/90 | 0.036–0.916 |
| Gokcal [61] | 356 | Oil–air | 50.8 | 372.05 | 0.010–1.76 | 0.09–20.30 | 0 | 0.01–0.89 |
| Kouba [52] | 53 | Kerosene–air | 76.2 | 5480.00 | 0.152–2.14 | 0.30–7.36 | 0 | NR |
| Magrini [27] | 140 | Water–air | 76.2 | 229.66 | 0.003–0.04 | 36.63–82.32 | 0–90 | 0.976–0.998 |
| Majumder et al. [62] | 99 | Amylic alcohol, glycerin–air | 19.05 | 178.48 | 0.585–2.34 | 0.08–0.70 | 90 | 0.13–0.52 |
| Manabe et al. [63] | 247 | Oil–natural gas | 54.9 | 357.01 | 0.038–0.95 | 0.10–7.01 | 0–90 | NR |
| Meng [47] | 203 | Oil–air | 50.1 | 377.25 | 0.001–0.05 | 4.80–26.60 | 0 | 0.786–0.999 |
| Mukherjee [28] | 872 | Kerosene, lube oil–air | 38.1–101.6 | 129.17–1360 | 0.009–4.36 | 0.01–36.26 | −70 to 90 | 0.01–1.00 |
| Omebere-Iyari and Azzopardi [54] | 98 | Naphtha –nitrogen | 189 | 275.13 | 0.004–4.34 | 0.09–15.63 | 90 | NR |
| Rosa et al. [55] | 73 | Water–air | 26 | 257.69 | 0.220–3.08 | 0.12–28.80 | 90 | 0.02–0.87 |
| Roumazeilles [64] | 113 | Kerosene–air | 51 | 372.55 | 0.884–2.44 | 0.91–9.36 | −30 to 0 | 0.264–0.867 |
| Schmidt et al. [65] | 87 | Povidone and water–nitrogen | 54.5 | 56.88 | 0–3.42 | 0.05–29.58 | 90 | 0.02–0.96 |
| Shoham [9] | 3551 | Water–air | 25–51 | 196.08–400 | 0.002–25.52 | 0.004–42.96 | −90 to –90 | NR |
| Tanahashi et al. [66] | 11 | Water–air | 54 | 92.59 | 0.258–0.27 | 0.04–0.16 | 90 | NR |
| Wilkens [67] | 203 | Saltwater–CO2 | 97.2 | 185.00 | 0.095–1.57 | 0.80–13.61 | −2 to 5 | NR |