Table 1
Mechanisms to explain the low salinity effect.
| Mechanism | Publications from 2015 | Publications from 2019 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fine migration | 252 | 56 | [109] |
| Wettability alteration | 2680 | 619 | [91] |
| Double layer expansion | 386 | 105 | [110] |
| Multicomponent ion exchange | 155 | 34 | [111] |
| Emulsification | 1440 | 302 | [112] |
| Mineral dissolution | 1080 | 204 | [109] |
| Saponification | 230 | 46 | [53] |
| Salt-in effect | 32 | 7 | [53] |
| Salt-out effect | 12 | 0 | [113] |
| pH | 255 | 52 | [83] |
| Pressure | 256 | 44 | [114] |
| Temperature | 765 | 142 | [115] |
| Viscosity | 77 | 14 | [116] |
| Salinity shock | 72 | 10 | [21] |