Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for Black Powder (BP) source identification in gas pipeline network based on 1-D model | Oil & Gas Science and Technology

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Table 9

Simulation results of optimization algorithm under situation for 5% increase in roughness.

	Data set
BP source	Simulation results						Statistic data
	Test 1		Test 2		Test 3		Statistic data
	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Real	Avg.	SD
S ₁	9.6425	0.1425	9.6367	0.1367	9.6235	0.1235	9.5000	9.6342	0.0097
S ₂	6.1501	0.1501	6.1489	0.1489	6.1427	0.1427	6.0000	6.1472	0.0040
S ₃	7.6425	0.1425	7.6349	0.1349	7.6429	0.1429	7.5000	7.6401	0.0045
S ₄	5.1102	0.1102	5.1045	0.1045	5.1049	0.1049	5.0000	5.1065	0.0032
S ₅	4.5810	0.0810	4.5727	0.0727	4.5829	0.0829	4.5000	4.5789	0.0054
S ₆	8.1640	0.1640	8.1594	0.1594	8.1587	0.1587	8.0000	8.1607	0.0029
S ₇	5.6188	0.1188	5.6037	0.1037	5.6134	0.1134	5.5000	5.6120	0.0077
S ₈	0.5109	0.0109	0.5107	0.0107	0.5106	0.0106	0.5000	0.5107	1.5e-4
Cost function	0.0023		0.0046		0.0032		0.0000

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