Effect of salinity on oil production: review on low salinity waterflooding mechanisms and exploratory study on pipeline scaling | Oil & Gas Science and Technology

Advanced modeling and simulation of flow in subsurface reservoirs with fractures and wells for a sustainable industry

Open Access

Table 1

Mechanisms to explain the low salinity effect.

Mechanism	Publications from 2015	Publications from 2019	Reference
Fine migration	252	56	[109]
Wettability alteration	2680	619	[91]
Double layer expansion	386	105	[110]
Multicomponent ion exchange	155	34	[111]
Emulsification	1440	302	[112]
Mineral dissolution	1080	204	[109]
Saponification	230	46	[53]
Salt-in effect	32	7	[53]
Salt-out effect	12	0	[113]
pH	255	52	[83]
Pressure	256	44	[114]
Temperature	765	142	[115]
Viscosity	77	14	[116]
Salinity shock	72	10	[21]

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