Change in colour of the prepared FW (A) when stored in stainless steel (B) and titanium (C) piston cells respectively. The colour change in FW (B) can be attributed to corrosion formation resulting from the stainless-steel piston-cell coupled with the corrosive nature of the studied system. Since the prepared FW and the brine store in titanium piston-cell were both colourless (A and C respectively). It confirms that the corrosion challenge can be mitigated by using titanium piston-cell.