Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for Black Powder (BP) source identification in gas pipeline network based on 1-D model | Oil & Gas Science and Technology

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Table 8

Simulation results of optimization algorithm under situation for 5% increase in Q ₅.

BP source	Data set
	Simulation results						Statistic data
	Test 1		Test 2		Test 3		Statistic data
	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Real	Avg.	SD
S ₁	9.5364	0.0364	9.5352	0.0352	9.5481	0.0481	9.5000	9.5399	0.0058
S ₂	6.0551	0.0551	6.0547	0.0547	6.0356	0.0356	6.0000	6.0485	0.0091
S ₃	7.5437	0.0437	7.5457	0.0457	7.4902	0.0098	7.5000	7.5265	0.0257
S ₄	5.0098	0.0098	5.0114	0.0114	5.0440	0.0440	5.0000	5.0217	0.0158
S ₅	4.4390	0.0610	4.4366	0.0634	4.4514	0.0486	4.5000	4.4424	0.0065
S ₆	8.0688	0.0688	8.0671	0.0671	8.0619	0.0619	8.0000	8.0659	0.0029
S ₇	5.4989	0.0011	5.4969	0.0031	5.6637	0.1637	5.5000	5.5532	0.0782
S ₈	0.5009	0.0009	0.5027	0.0027	0.3986	0.1014	0.5000	0.4674	0.0487
Cost function	0.0003		0.0006		0.0157		0.0000	0.0055	0.0072

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