Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for Black Powder (BP) source identification in gas pipeline network based on 1-D model | Oil & Gas Science and Technology

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Table 6

Simulation results of optimization algorithm under situation for 5% increase in M ₅.

BP source	Data set
	Simulation results						Statistic data
	Test 1		Test 2		Test 3		Statistic data
	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Real	Avg.	SD
S ₁	9.4961	0.0039	9.5000	0.0000	9.5000	0.0000	9.5000	9.4987	0.0018
S ₂	6.0037	0.0037	5.9952	0.0048	6.0000	0.0000	6.0000	5.9996	0.0035
S ₃	7.4992	0.0008	7.5030	0.0030	7.5001	0.0001	7.5000	7.5007	0.0016
S ₄	4.9988	0.0012	5.0000	0.0000	4.9999	0.0001	5.0000	4.9996	0.0006
S ₅	5.3850	0.8850	5.3828	0.8828	5.3829	0.8829	4.5000	5.3836	0.0010
S ₆	7.2908	0.7092	7.3189	0.6811	7.3133	0.6867	8.0000	7.3077	0.0121
S ₇	5.5141	0.0141	5.4965	0.0035	5.4778	0.0222	5.5000	5.4961	0.0148
S ₈	0.5030	0.0030	0.5002	0.0002	0.5140	0.0140	0.5000	0.5057	0.0060
Cost function	0.0019		0.0007		0.0012		0.0000	0.0012	0.0005

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