Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for Black Powder (BP) source identification in gas pipeline network based on 1-D model | Oil & Gas Science and Technology

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Table 5

Simulation results of optimization algorithm under situation for 5% increase in M ₃.

BP source	Data set
	Simulation results						Statistic data
	Test 1		Test 2		Test 3		Statistic data
	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Estimation	Abs. Error	Real	Avg.	SD
S ₁	9.4999	0.0001	9.5000	0.0000	9.4963	0.0037	9.5000	9.4987	0.0017
S ₂	6.0000	0.0000	6.0000	0.0000	6.0000	0.0000	6.0000	6.0000	0.0000
S ₃	8.2524	0.7524	8.2523	0.7523	8.2519	0.7519	7.5000	8.2522	0.0002
S ₄	4.4748	0.5252	4.4704	0.5296	4.4768	0.5232	5.0000	4.4740	0.0027
S ₅	4.5000	0.0000	4.5038	0.0038	4.5001	0.0001	4.5000	4.5013	0.0017
S ₆	8.0266	0.0266	8.0006	0.0006	7.9997	0.0003	8.0000	8.0090	0.0125
S ₇	5.4831	0.0169	5.5508	0.0508	5.4971	0.0029	5.5000	5.5103	0.0292
S ₈	0.5000	0.0000	0.4678	0.0322	0.5100	0.0100	0.5000	0.4926	0.0180
Cost function	0.0012		0.0030		0.0016		0.0000	0.0019	0.0008

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