Fig. 11

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Gel failure mechanisms, (a) adhesive separation, (b) cohesive failure, c) the bulk microgel with the concentration of 3.0 wt% expelled out from the fracture after microgel breakthrough, and (d) the formed microgel layer in the fracture aperture during post-water flooding into the fracture-filled with the microgel with a concentration of 1.0 wt%.