Table 2.
Key areas of LTO production economics enchancement, 2012–2017 (Source: Authors’ research based on EIA, 2016b; DOE, 2015)
| Economic efficiency enhancement areas |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost reduction | Average well productivity increase | ||
| Economic efficiency enhancement areas | Drilling | Rig skidding | Longer laterals |
| Wellhead operations improvement | Improved geosteering | ||
| Multiple use of drilling rigs | Well grid optimisation | ||
| Exploitation | Fracking speed increase | Superfracks | |
| Proppant cost reduction | Optimisation of stages and positioning of fracturing | ||
| Hybrid fracking liquids | |||